аЯрЁБс>ўџ VXўџџџUџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС‰@ №П1.jbjbq”q” 8іі(,џџџџџџlўўўўўўўІІІІ8о ъІ7Ж  (222222єіііііі,э  n"ў22222"‚ўў22 ‚‚‚2@ў2ў2є‚J\Jўўўў2є‚r‚єўўєў эѓЩНІІrєє77є{‚{є‚УхRobert J. Olague ARLT 100 – Section 47451 S. Lloyd 11/24/04 Just War Just War Theory describes basic components in detail as to what would constitute an ethically or morally acceptable war. While it has some flaws, one being that it was originally a church-authored document, it is a good guideline for determining morally justifiable warfare. However, it is very strict and hard to apply in some places with the advent of modern weapons and unconventional warfare. Application of the theory proves to be more tricky, though, especially in regards to the U.S.’ post 9-11 military operations. In particular, the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation. Just War theory is split into major components of Jus ad Bellum, or just cause, and Jus in Bello, or just conduct in war. Just cause is the first requirement of a just war. That means that the reason for the war has to be just. Wars based on religion, or to impose a particular type of government would not be considered just wars. In layman’s terms, there would have to be a really good reason to go to war. This is a good requirement because wars are injurious to nations and people, and morally justifiable warfare must meet this criterion. The second requirement of just war is “good intention”. This requirement mandates that a just war is pursuing just cause, and no ulterior motive can be had. This is important because the just cause may be lost in the pursuit of the ulterior motive in a just war. Intentions in a war count for a lot in terms of morality, especially since war is such a massive scale operation with a large effect. Proportionality is a criterion of a just war, and means that the probabilities of causing good will outweigh the probability of causing “evil”. Proportionality is one of the most important qualities of a just war, because when the war does not do more good than harm, it has lost its usefulness. In determining proportionality, this is kind of an alteration on Bentham’s utilitarianism. The greater good outweighs the evil when all situations are considered. There are many possibilities that cannot be completely accounted for beforehand, but this is a good requirement of just war. Without proportionality, excessive force would create a grossly unjust war. A just war is always a war of last resort when all other possible options or alternatives that could possibly succeed have been exhausted. Reasonable alternatives also imply that a nation must be willing to compromise first to do the least harm possible. Intelligence operations or strenuous diplomacy are the first tactics, and war should be the last tactic. This is one of the few questionable just war criteria, because in some cases, compromise is just possible. When one goes to war against a terrorist group, for instance, there is no compromising, because the aim of the group is to harm people. A nation cannot compromise with a group like that because there are no terms that would be reasonable to both sides. A reasonable prospect of success it the fifth element to a just war, which I agree is very integral to a morally just war. Without a reasonable prospect of success, there is no point to creating a war in which people will die, and it only adds to the overall harm to all parties involved. This is slightly tricky in the case of self-defense, when larger nation overwhelms a smaller one, and it would be easier not to fight it. However, in most cases, a reasonable prospect of success has to be there in order to make a war justifiable and just. A just war is required to be legitimately authorized. This is a questionable requirement because it seemingly would rule out civil war or wars for independence. In the original context of just war, a holy war would be legitimate, being authorized by God. People’s idea of what constitutes a legitimate authority changes with the situation, though. The legitimate authority of a massive populace of people may call for a war for independence, for instance. This constitutes a legitimatize authority because the purpose of the war is to represent the people, which the government is supposed to represent. If it fails to in an oppressive way, war may be justified. Jus in Bello is determined to keep the war just, assuming that the war met just cause requirements. There are only two requirements in just war theory for just conduct in war, the first of which is particular proportionality. This means that the force that is used cannot be more than the importance of the issue at hand. The limited objectives of war must be followed closely, without overstepping boundaries. This is a very difficult criterion of a war to maintain, but the most care possible must be taken in war. It is a necessary requirement to maintain a just war, because it limits the negative impact on the people who may not have anything to do with the war itself. The final criterion for just conduct in war is discrimination, which means that no direct intentional attacks on nonmilitary targets are permissible. Morally justifiable warfare must respect this requirement especially. This is one of the most important requirements, because war is essentially a usually unjust act, and by willingly allowing innocent people to die, it is harder to justify in any way. “Collateral damage” is the tactic of an unjust enemy, not of a just nation or just war. The U.S.-led occupation of Iraq does not qualify as a just war because it fails to meet most of these criteria. The most recent information on the war is overwhelmingly in evidence of accusing the U.S. of an unjust war. The facts on the case in terms of intelligence are somewhat murky, but what remains is an unjust war in which further steps could have been taken to avoid the current situation. In addition to the reasons for the war being highly suspect under just war theory, the way the war has been conducted is also cause for concern. The U.S. occupation of Iraq was based on a new idea in warfare for nations, a “preemptive strike” on the basis that Saddam Hussein may have had weapons of mass destruction and was prepared to use them against the U.S. or his own people. The reason stated officially was that Saddam was a threat to the United States, which in some cases could be a permissible or just war. However, no weapons of mass destruction were ever found, nor was there reliable intelligence to suggest otherwise. The Iraq war fails to be a just war on that basis alone. Supposing that the intelligence was reasonably reliable and the United States really did believe Hussein was a threat, countries such as North Korea also pose a more reasonable threat. That brings about the question of why Iraq was chosen. Good intention, the second requirement, is clearly lacking in this situation. There is no reasonable explanation for why Iraq was chosen except that it holds several key additions to the U.S.’ might, such as oil, a key position in the middle east for U.S. troops, and to distract attention from the floundering “war on terrorism” in Afghanistan. In addition to all that, after the weapons were not found, the government proclaimed that its true mission to liberate the Iraqi people was accomplished, which is admittance that there were other intentions. Proportionality is a questionable facet of the Iraqi war, because the people there have traded lives and stability for the fall of dictatorship. However, dictatorship alone is not enough reason to go to war. The jury is still out on whether everyone has benefited more from this war or less, but to American soldiers and the United States in general, it has been a disaster. The Iraq war has not been justified on the basis of last resort. While the U.S. called for war against Iraq, many other nations urged for other avenues to be explored, and questioned the intelligence reports, such as the forged document from Niger claiming to be a transaction agreement between Iraq and Niger for uranium “yellowcake” in order to make nuclear weapons. United Nations weapons inspectors were not convinced that Iraq even possessed weapons. In the beginning of the war, the U.S. seemed to have a reasonable prospect of success and winning the war. However, after proclaiming the success of the operation, thousands more American soldiers have died, as well as Iraqis in what is increasingly being called a Vietnam-like quagmire in which the U.S. may have to withdraw and admit defeat to guerilla tactics. The war is questionably legitimately authorized as well. Under law, it may well be, as the president of the U.S. is granted certain powers in war. However, the massive protestation of Americans against the war in Iraq, the faulty intelligence, and the failure of war being a last resort made it questionable. Being that Congress approved the war on false pretenses and faulty information, the war may not have been actually legitimized under the proper authority. The history of Jus in Bello in this war is atrocious as well. Particular proportionality in this war has gone out the window, in part because of the tactics of the enemy in Iraq. House-to-house searches are reasonable in these situations, but as a whole, the war has been argued by some to cause more harm than good overall. Discrimination in this war is particularly difficult to reconcile. No direct intentional attack on noncombatants is permissible, but the enemy does it regularly, abducting random nonmilitary people from the streets. However, the U.S. troops are dealing with guerilla forces in which the enemy wears no uniform, and are suspect of even small children in a way that is reminiscent of a Vietnam situation. Recent news articles report the U.S. troops firing on civilians that look to be doing something suspect, in one case, a garbage truck collecting garbage. Overall, whether the war on Iraq is just or unjust is still largely a personal opinion, but based on the facts that I am aware of, and my personal view on them, I believe it is a highly unjust war when applied to the just war theory. The theory also has trouble accounting for modern warfare and world politics, but it is also a good guideline for determining when a war is worth the inherent anguish that it brings with it. 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